COMPUTER HISTORY

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

THE history of computing begins with abacus ,though this is not a computer ,small wooden beads to represent numbers are usually linked in to a thread to make it.in the hands of skilled user,the abacus provides extremlu rapid arithmetic calculations ,it is one of the most widely used computing devices ,even in developed countries ,it was developed in east asia probably china ,two thousand years ago.The ist machine to add no. mechanically was invented by french mathematician blaise pascal in 1642 ,in this machine he had used geared counter wheels to automate arithmetic calculations.In1666,s .moreland developed adding and subtarcting device,following pascal's and moorland's idea g.w. leibnitzinveted calculating machine that could multiply and divide in 1673,he is the one who ist attempted to use binary arithmetic in mechanical calculator .charles babbage was a professor of mathematics at cambridge university,england ,he built a differentail engine in1822 ,which was asigned to do only one specific job,keeping in mind this limitaition ,he started his projet on building universal machine wiht the provsion of :-
-inputting no. using jacquard card with the help of input device.
-memory for storage no.,commands and infromations.
-arithmetic and logic unit to perform required processing.
-control device to look after a step by step operation of program.
-output devices to produces result of calculations.
where also the referred punch card and automatic printing devices as printer ,these provision still provide the basis in designing modern computers .a major development this field occured in 1886,when a stastistician was working on the 1890 census of usa and buikt tabulating machine to analyze 1890 census of the USA,along the used of new jacquard card in his tabulating machine to input no.
In 1935 built mechanical computing devices called z1,WHICH COULD PERFORM binary operations ,and in second models Z2,mechanical relays were replaced by electromagnetic relays and data were inputted using punched paper tapes .
A few years later,IBM started in the project called MARK-I calculator,which was based on electromagnetic relays ,it began operation in 1944 under the pressure of world war MARK-I Calculator was the general purpose,automatic digital computer ,following were the specific characteristic of MARK-I.
-about 3 addition/second.
-72 internal storage registers.
At the same time a group of engineers at the university of pennsylvania headed by ohn w,muchly and j.p eckert working on an automatic electronic digital computer named as ENIAC using vacuum tubes instead relays ,the ENIVAC was completed in 1947 with the following characteristic:
-5000 additions/second.
-storage capacity of 10 digits no. in 20 storage registers at time.
-weight of 30 tons.
-occupied room size 20*9 square meters.
In 1945, had start workign in the project EDVAC.he brought the concept of program controlled machine.
fuuly automatic calculation was performed in the computer .EDSACdeveloped by moris wilks,which came into operation in 2949. mai differences between this and the computers of the earliest versions frequent calculations and the use of special tools to find the errors in aprogramm ,for the ist time a operating system ; ex. a collections of programms that looks after the automatic processing of calculations and assigns peripherals to its systems according to its need was built for the computer EDSAV.
The development in computer technology however begun in1951,when computers were used for the ist time,by business house for a trail.
Transistors begun to replace all vaccum tubes after its invention in 2947 by bell telephone laboratories,thence after computers became more reliable and smaller in size.when IC was developed in 1960,single IC begun to replace a no. transistors ,computers became functionally more powerful while becoming smaller in size and more reliable.integrated circuites containing more than 2250 transistors in a single chip,that called a microporcessor ,was for the ist time designed and developed by INTERL corporation in1971.since then microprocessors have been playing revolutionary role in the field of micro computer,thus the heart of micro computer is essentially a microprocessor.